Mine kafon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mine kafon - Essay Example The mine detector has three major parts; the nucleus where the GPS tracking chip and all the other parts of Mine Kafon are attached. The legs are made using strong bamboo sticks and at the base the feet are attached. The feet are made using biodegradable plastic material and are designed to be heavy enough to tramp on landmines and also light enough to get the propulsion. The core of Mine Kafon is made using 17 kilogram iron casing, and is surrounded by several protruding bamboo legs. The core carries a GPS tracking unit equipped with a GPS chip used for tracking the mine detector. The GPS chip can be remotely controlled using mobile applications and hence a GPS map can be drawn to trace the path of minefields. The GPS data can be downloaded in real-time or accessed online. The data can be used to map the areas that have been cleared of landmines by the device. The legs act as the locomotion unit of Mine Kafon. The legs are made using strong bamboo sticks which are around one meter in length. The legs are attached to the core and act as a link between the feet and the core. The tip of the bamboo is slightly reduced to allow a perfect fit with the foot. The choice of material was made after considering the strength characteristics of bamboo and the weight properties. The feet also add weight to the mine detector, and are spaced in a manner that will enable air to blow through the inside of the feet, therefore enabling propulsion. With each detonation, Mine Kafon loses a few legs, like one or two and therefore under normal working conditions, the device will be able to destroy three or four landmines in a single journey. The feet form the most important part of Mine Kafon. It provides the suspension mechanism that enables the device to roll over rough terrain. The entire weight of the landmine detonator is about eighty kilograms, heavy enough to detonate a landmine. The foot is

Ulysses And Tennysons Narrative Techniques Essay Example for Free

Ulysses And Tennysons Narrative Techniques Essay A: Look again at Ulysses and write about Tennysons narrative techniques In Ulysses, Tennyson presents the characteristics and attitudes of the eponymous central character through the dynamic form of the dramatic monologue. Through an adroit blending of literary techniques including those of structure, form and language, he seeks to clarify much of the mystique behind the mythological background of Ulysses, and reveal his persona of desire and heroism, alongside his undesirable traits of contemptuousness and hubristic pride. Throughout the poem, its form and structure allow Tennyson to reveal the character of Ulysses as he wishes him to be portrayed. Ulysses takes the form of the dramatic monologue, with Tennyson adapting the persona of his mythical character and using this form to reveal Ulysses character through his own words. This choice of form, combined with the structural use of unrhymed iambic pentameter, or blank verse, allows the poem to adopt a rhythm that is one of the closest imitators of human speech in verse. This makes the words that Tennyson, writes and Ulysses speaks take on a much more personal tone and a deeper meaning, fully disclosing his character and attitude in a way that a more artificial and structured form, for example the Spenserian, simply could not achieve. This effect is added to the by the extensive and contrasted uses of enjambment and caesurae, further imitating the depth and sincerity of speech rhythms, examples being The long day wanes: The slow moon climbs: the deep/Moans round with many voices, the listed pauses of wanes and climbs accentuating the slowness of the day and moon, and the enjambment through the deep stressing the true profundity of said deep. Furthermore, the extensive use of enjambment allies with the themes of endeavour to an excessive, almost unattainably foolish level, the line beyond the utmost bound of human thought exemplifying this, the poem runs on to the excess of Ulysses mind. Finally, the balance between lines and theme is also important- twenty-six lines go on the zeal of Ulysses previous explorations, and a further twenty-six go on his hopes, fears and attitudes for and towards the future. In contrast, he spends only eleven lines on his government and responsibility, and can spare just a single bitter indictment, aged wife for the ever faithful Penelope. This structure echoes the theme of responsibility against detachment- Ulysses excessive description of himself and the fleeting mention of his subjects illustrates his abdication of responsibility and the egocentric nature of his character, although this could be expected from a great classical king. It also exemplifies the excessiveness of Ulysses ambition, an excess that as the monologue progresses, can be seen to expand to encompass the boundaries of the foolish, the detrimental and the unattainable. However as in much of his verse, the main techniques that Tennyson uses to portray the ideas and themes of Ulysses character are those of imagery and language. This is especially evident through the contrasting imagery and rhythm of his description of his people against his adventures. The initial imagery of the poem, of an idle king, and the barren crags of his kingdom of Ithica, sets up a tone of monotony, suggesting Ulysses lack of passion or feeling for his duties and who unto his duties are performed. This takes another level with his description of his own people, Unequal laws unto a savage race, /That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me. This description shows his contempt and lack of compassion for his people, as they are given a primitive, uneducated character as opposed to his own illustrious nature that is revealed throughout the poem. Furthermore, the lack of even a personal pronoun, that instead of who, for example, furthers the distance between him and his people, the idea of detachment being inverted in conjunction with that of responsibility. The final nature of this point is in its structure- the monosyllabic, strong and harsh beats of hoard, and sleep, and feed portray the tedium that Ulysses sees himself to rule. This contrasts directly with the opening descriptions of Ulysses own character, and his views and memories of his past adventures. He states, I cannot rest from travel: I will drink/Life to the lees, with the enjambment through the two lines portraying the excess and the metaphorical consumption of the lees that he strives to reach- the words could also suggest a curse however, with the extent such that as he consumes so much of life, he will inevitably take in the less desirable and the negative aspects. This consumption imagery is continued with For always roaming with a hungry heart/Much I have seen and known: cities of men/And manners, climates, councils, governments, the listed monosyllables now highlighting how far he has gone, rather than the extent of his contempt in the previous usage- this highlighting the contrasting areas of Ulysses character. Tennyson also employs the technique of antithesis to highlight the extent of Ulysses zeal for travel, and to show that this may reach the realms of foolishness, introducing the idea of the glamour of the unattainable. He states All times I have enjoyed/Greatly, have suffered greatly, both with those/That loved me, and alone, the use of antithesis in the images and the enjambment of the lines combining to highlights Ulysses powerful, almost excessive desire for travel- the excess continues through the drunk delight of battle, as he metaphorically revels in the bitterness of war to the extent that it is almost an addiction of the mind, to the extent that he has become a name. This can be interpreted in many ways- he could be known world over for his great journeys, or left simply as a shadow of a man, with just the superficiality of a name to back up his previous greatness, his involvement with a part of all that I have met. He then moves on to talk of celestial imagery filled with gravitas- Yet all experience is an arch wherethro/Gleams that untravlld world, whose margin fades/For ever and ever when I move, the enjambment of the lines highlighting the fading of the arch, as if he will never be satisfied, that the unattainable is the most desirable. This continues to the extent of To follow knowledge like a sinking star,/Beyond the utmost bound of human thought, the simile of celestial permanence being juxtaposed against its own sinking possibly revealing an acceptance of his plausibly misguided nature, and the exaggeration of utmost bound of human thought showing the foolishness in his wants, or simply highlighting the zealous heroism that runs throughout the poem. The tone of the imagery changes upon his reference to Telemachus- his son who will inherit his title of King. He describes him as blameless and decent not to fail, ending the reference to his son with He works his work, I mine. This shallow praise highlights a caring for his son, but more interestingly reintroduces his contempt and condescension towards his responsibilities- the final patronising and heavily accented I mine implying a scornful attitude towards the insignificant duties that he considers Kingship to be. These descriptive epithets of Telemachus, blameless, discerning, are spoken with an air of indifference bordering on malicious contempt, and become ironic through Ulysses own abdication of duty, though this does not have the effect of removing the depraved tone. The shortening of the lines when referring to Telemachus also relate to his attitude through structure- the zeal of the enjambment and fleshed out lines of his memories (and future plans further on in the monolo gue) is replaced by short, sharp lines, as if they are confined, as opposed to the free flowing, almost liberated verse of his memories. As the tone changes with thoughts of the future, he talks of his trusted mariners, those who have Toild, and wrought, and thought with me, the use of thought over fought being an interesting idea, possibly highlighting Ulysses earlier intellectual superiority over his savage race. He then moves on to talk of death and its consequences- Death closes all: but something ere the end,/Some work of noble note, may yet be done, his acceptance of deaths reality juxtaposed against his overwhelming zeal for exploration heightening the sense of purpose to a possible extent of foolishness. This is furthered by lines like It may be that we shall touch the Happy Isles/ One equal temper of heroic hearts/Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will, the idea of the acceptance of time and fate being more powerful than himself removing the previous hubristic tone that accompanied his words. The final line, To strive, to seek, to find and not to yield, exemplifies all that is revealed about Ulysses in the monologue- he will endure to the end, whether or not if it is the right, or even most rational course of action- his desire will conquer all, as much as he accepts that ultimately, death has the same enduring power. In conclusion, Tennyson uses many literary devices to portray the nature and attitudes of the mythological character of Ulysses. Through artfully blending technically adept poetic devices against the purest echo of human speech, he reveals the multi faceted character of Ulysses through his words, allowing the reader to fully understand the motives behind Ulysses seemingly limitless ambition, and the more sinister power that this ambition can hold to the detriment of the individual- a powerful message to society, as well as an exploration of one of the most remarkable characters of mythology. B: How far do you agree that the character of Ulysses is far from heroic? Tennysons dramatic monologue, Ulysses has been subjected to many literary interpretations since its first drafting in 1833, just weeks after the death of Tennysons closest friend, Hallam. One of the most debated points is on the nature of Ulysses character in relation to heroism, and whether he is the typically zealous and gallant mythological king, or a misguided and erroneously naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve individual, who obsessively seeks the unattainable alongside a malicious contempt for those for who he should hold responsibility. Of course, the concept of heroism is not the only interpretation of the character of Ulysses that has been presented- ideas of responsibility and of social symbolism have also been put forward. Ever since its publishing, literary critics have understood Ulysses to have the underlying theme of heroism with it, and one of the secondary interpretations of this is that the character of Ulysses is in fact far from heroic. Chiasson states that Ulysses is a type of human being who held a set of ideas which . . . [are] destructive of the whole fabric of his society, suggesting that he was not in fact a hero, but someone with no comprehension of responsibility for his people, to the extent of selfish desire over support of his people. This is exemplified by the words of the poem, where he describes his people as a savage race, who hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me, highlighting the arrogance and superiority that he feels for over his people, and his subsequent contempt of lifes duties. This is furthered by the virile condescension of his description of his son, blameless and discerning, culminating in He works his work, I mine, highlighting the lack of heroism in his selfish actions of pursuing his aspirations of travel and excess, rather than the basic humanitarian needs of his people. A secondary idea about his lack of heroism is the air of misguided, unattainable desires that permeates some of the description of his character. His desire to To follow knowledge like a sinking star/Beyond the utmost bound of human thought has a sense of foolishness and excess upon reading it, as if it is too far, as if the heroism of the character is being overtaken by this cursed drunk delight- by convention a true hero would know when to stop, yet many of the greatest heroes have had their own hubristic, tragic flaws- perhaps this inability to recognise the boundaries of the gleaming arch is the one that can be put alongside Ulysses. As a tertiary interpretation of a lack of heroism, the closing parts of the poem can be seen to take on a tone of acceptance, almost a suicidal wish for release juxtaposed against the powerfully stirring rhetoric that undercuts the entire poem. Critics have agreed with this interpretation in the past- McCulloch describing the masterly, inspirational oratory of the closing lines of this poem with a recognition that what it encourages is reckless and suicidal, and Buckley has the interpretation that Ulysses does not have a complete will to go forward . . . but a determined retreat, a yearning, behind allegedly tired rhythms, to join the great Achilles (or possibly Arthur Hallam) in an Elysian retreat from lifes vexations. The context of the poem, written just after Hallams death certainly complements this interpretation, with the suggestion of Tennyson wishing to regress from the trials of life into a stupor in memory of his friend, and the words of the poem We may touch the Happy Isles and Death closes all also reflect this interpretation. Therefore the monologue does present a case for Ulysses character to be described as far from heroic, as if he is a symbol of naivety and endless greed, disinterested and indifferent to those who it is his duty to serve. However, alongside the presentation of Ulysses being far from heroic, the idea that Ulysses is indeed heroic immediately comes into focus. The images of consumption early in the poem could suggest a dangerous addiction to his adventure, but equally could suggest the admirable quality of taking life with both hands and throwing himself into experience, I will drink life to the lees and I have enjoyd/Greatly, and have suffered greatly, the juxtaposed ideas heightening the sense of depth that Ulysses goes to as he fully experiences life, and how his seemingly limitless ambition could, or should be an example to the readers, the savage race. This can be applied to much more of the poem- his views on life itself can be extended to heroism. He states that How dull it is to pause/As if to breathe were life, as if he is advocating the proactive approach to life, that pausing turns life to a mere existence- possibly echoing a secondary attitude of Tennyson to Hallams death, that he in fact mu st go on to continue is own life, instead of fading into a mere existence. Furthermore, much of the hyperbolic imagery of the monologue, the ideas of utmost bounds and gleaming arches could exemplify the glamour and beauty of heroism, which for many of the Victorian people was what Ulysses represented, a revolt against the bourgeoisie imposed laws of monontony, to simply hoard, and sleep, and feed. Finally, the acceptance of deaths implications and meaning in the closing lines of the poem could represent an intelligent heroism, as if Ulysses is a true hero, knowing that he cannot go on forever, not now that strength that in old days/Moved earth and heaven, his acceptance that there is a limit showing compassion for those who accompany him, and the idea of to strive, to seek, and not to yield adding to the never-say-die attitude of a hero. A secondary interpretation of the final line is its supposed irony underneath its resoluteness, made relevant to the similar attitude of Satan in Miltons Paradise Lost, never to submit or yield, going back to the perception of Ulysses as an anti-hero of his own resolve. James D. Kissane addresses this idea of a heroism in both sides of his character with desire to escape the wearisome present . . . ; but it is after all the counter-melody to the main theme, a negative emotion which an affirmative must transcend. Thus the mood of Ulysses is resolute though rooted in a sense of weakness as well as strength. As well as the ever-present idea of heroism, there are other interpretations of the dramatic monologue, and one of these is that of social responsibility, and its contrast with detachment from the vagaries of this and life, a similar theme to that presented in The Lady of Shalott. Ulysses is seen throughout the poem to want to escape from his own, enforced reality of Kingship, which is seen through his description of his land barren crags, and his people a savage race. This is in contrast with for example, the Lady of Shalott, who while not in true contact with life, has a suppressed desire to be within it- what Ulysses sees as life is the complete antithesis of what his life was set out to be, and hence this creates a juxtaposition of his personality and adventure against his feelings for his people. This is highlighted with the contrast of the imagery above with his glamorous desires and memories, examples including Gleams that untravlld world and Drunk delight of battle with my peers, accentuating Ulysses lack of concern for his people, but at the same time showing that despite his egotism, his desires for experience and life are ones that can be admired, and could even be seen by him to be his example to his people, that they should know him rather than know(ing) not me- it does also however suggest his inability to look back on and be satisfied with his lot- he can only look for more. A final interpretation of the poem is how it fits in with Tennysons own attitudes, and how he could be seen as symbolic to the Victorian people. The poem was of course written shortly after Hallams death, and as a result numerous conclusions can be drawn as to how the poem relates to Tennyson, and how he sees himself through the persona he adopts. The idea of the poem being an exercise in catharsis for Tennyson is certainly relevant, and one of the attitudes that can be portrayed is that of a desire to go forward from Hallams death, as Charles Tennyson put it in his 1849 biography, Tennyson expressed his realization of the need for going forward and braving the battle of life, in spite of the crushing blow of Arthurs [A. Henry Hallams] death- this is highlighted in Ulysses desire for exploration and experience, I will drink life to the lees. A second idea is that of Tennyson wishing to regress into a stupor of death, as the resigned and almost suicidal air of the closing lines of the monologue indicates, to an extent, an example being It may be that the gulfs will wash us down,/It may be that we will touch the Happy Isles, as if he wishes to join Hallam in the Happy comfort of death. As effectively explained by Thomson, the poem could be recognizably the product of internal debate, suggesting that Tennysons confusion over his own reaction to Hallams death comes out in the two sides to Ulysses attitude to adventure in the poem itself. Finally, the closing line, To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield came to be a symbol for the people of the Victorian age, a symbol of proactivity and change that they could fully relate to, ironically in contrast to the receptors of Ulysses in the monologue itself, his savage race. In conclusion, I agree that the character of Ulysses is far from heroic. His contemptuousness in terms of his people, combined with the overly hubristic and foolish desires upon the greatest of knowledge shows him to be an egocentrically misguided character, despite some of the qualities portrayed by Tennyson seeming, and being admirable. However, on a grander scale I feel that he character of Ulysses is more driven by Tennysons feelings than the individual portrayed in Homers Odyssey and Dantes Inferno, with the character representing more than anything the deeply personal and highly conflicting emotion of grief.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay -- essays research papers

Ralph Waldo Emerson Properly Acknowledged by Ralph Waldo Emerson certainly took his place in the history of American Literature . He lived in a time when romanticism was becoming a way of thinking and beginning to bloom in America, the time period known as The Romantic Age. Romantic thinking stressed on human imagination and emotion rather than on basic facts and reason. Ralph Waldo Emerson not only provided plenty of that, but he also nourished it and inspired many other writers of that time. "His influence can be found in the works of Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Henry James, and Robert Frost.". No doubt, Ralph Waldo Emerson was an astute and intellectual man who influenced American Literature and has rightly received the credit that he deserves from historians. He has been depicted as a leading figure in American thought and literature, or at least ranks up there with the very best. But there is so much more to Ralph Waldo Emerson when we consider the personal hardships that he had to endure during the course of his life and when we see the type of man that he becomes. He certainly was a man of inspiration who knew how to express himself by writing the best of poems and philosophical ideas with inspiration. To get an idea of how Ralph Waldo Emerson might have become such an inspiration to the people, some background on his life is essential. Can you imagine living a life with all your loved ones passing away one by one? A persons life could collapse into severe depression, lose hope, and lose meaning. He can build a morbid outlook on life. Ralph Waldo Emerson suffered these things. He was born on May 25, 1803 and entered into a new world, a new nation just beginning. Just about eight years later, his father would no longer be with him, as William Emerson died in 1811. The Emerson family was left to a life marked by poverty. Ralph's mother, Ruth, was left as a widow having to take care of five sons. However, Ralph's life seemed to carry on smoothly. He would end up attending Harvard College and persue a job of teaching full time. While teaching as a junior pastor of Boston's Second Church, his life gained more meaning when he married Ellen Louisa Tucker. Journal entries and love letters he wrote at that time expressed lots of feelings and emo... ...l ideas ever created. His famous essays are "History," "Art," "The Poet," and the famous "Self-Reliance." He gathered his essays into two volumes. The first was released in 1841, and the second was released in 1844. Poems however, also made Emerson's reputation as a erudite man. His poems were enjoyable as well as thought provoking to many. "Each and All," was a poem that supported his beliefs. "The Rhodora," as well as "The Humble Bee," and "The Snow Storm," touched on the greatness of nature. Emerson also expressed himself through poems such as "Uriel," "The Problem," "The Sphinx," and the well-known "Days." Many of these works of Emerson have taken there place in the history of American literature. Thus, we now see what truly a great man Emerson was. We gain a deep respect for him when we consider the hardships that he had to face, how he endured those problems, and the minds that he opened and touched by his wonderful works. In conclusion, we can truly say that Emerson is well deserving of the credit he received from historians.

The True Meaning Of A Religion Essay -- Religion

The True Meaning of a Religion Religion can be found almost everywhere around us, influencing ones lifestyle and surroundings much more than we are aware of. Often becoming a huge element of society in several areas of our lives. Though some argue one is born already knowing their religious faith, classifying religion as something that cannot be learned but more as an inner spirituality present at birth. Other would say there is no doubt religion is socially constructed and subconsciously learned plus spread through peers, family or close ones, strongly impacting societies and cultures. Some sort of hidden objective or purpose whether is it political, spiritual or other, motivates the creation of a religion through a "designated" individual, claimed to be here to spread the word, send a message to members of society and make changes or corrections in the name of faith. Often, we witness activists or political figures use religion to emphasize and point out the spiritual aspect behind their messages or motivation s to attract followers. Every so often new faiths emerge, giving people hope and spiritual strength to fight for their happiness in times of despair and oppression, the Rastafarian Religion being a perfect reflection of that. An unusual and still barely recognized religion surfacing in hope for a better life, giving them the power to rebel against their oppressors and enforcing a stronger sense of community and understanding between each others. Centuries ago Africans were kidnapped from their native home and enslaved by Europeans. Many were taken from Ethiopia and brought to the Western world. In the process the Europeans introduced them to the Bible in effort to "civilize" them. Slaves were not allowed to read, b... ...en found behind the new creation and development of a new religion or way of life. Most Often the case of a social problem, leading to furthermore say that religion is socially constructed for a reason or another. Whether is because of political and economic oppression or simply going back to ones roots and being able to emphasize and bring out ones race and heritages by using the principles of a religion. WORK CITED PAGE Dubb, Adjua. "Rastafari-way of life." JamWork.org. 2000-2005 http://www.jahworks.org/music/features/rastafari.html, April 22, 2006. Napti P. "Jamaicans of Ethiopian Origin and Rastafarian Faith." Caribbean Lifestyles Magazine. Peter Simeon. feb/march 1995. http://web.syr.edu/~affellem/napti.html April 22, 2006. Rastafari Movement. April 22, 2006. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari. April 22, 2006.

Peoplesoft Messaging Server

Contents PeopleSoft Messaging Server Settings Guide1 Contents2 Introduction Introducing the PeopleSoft Messaging Server3 Messaging Server Processes4 Configuring Messaging Servers in PSADMIN4 Understanding Dispatcher Parameters5 Understanding Handler Parameters7 Understanding Integration Broker Parameters8 Minimum and Recommended Values. 9 Edit History10 Introduction Introducing the PeopleSoft Messaging Server PeopleSoft Messaging Services exist on the application server and are the heart of the Integration Broker.Before using Integration Broker, you must configure and start the Messaging Server, aka PUB/SUB. Although the server processes devoted to your messaging system are all part of the larger application server domain, they comprise a distinct set of processes that aren’t involved with the ordinary transactions associated with PIA connections. Six processes of two different types, dispatchers and handlers, are combined in pairs to produce the messaging servers needed for t ransmitting messages throughout your messaging system. Each messaging server is a different type.A set of three — a publication broker, a publication contractor, and a subscription contractor — constitute the messaging server set required by Integration Broker. Following is a listing of the generic names for the processes: Messaging ServerDispatcher NameHandler Name Publication Broker (BRK)PSBRKDSPPSBRKHND Publication Contractor (PUB)PSPUBDSPPSPUBHND Subscription Contractor (SUB)PSSUBDSPPSSUBHND PeopleSoft delivers default PUB/SUB services with _dflt added to the above naming convention. For example PSBRKDSP_dflt. It is recommended that you use these services unless you have a specific need for dedicated handlers.To boot PUB/SUB use PSADMIN to configure your domain and simply answer Y to the following question at the end of the configuration process: Command to execute (1-7, q) : 4 Do you want the Publish/Subscribe servers configured (y/n)? [y]:y For typical implementa tions, there is no need to configure custom or additional dedicated messaging servers as the default messaging services will handle all basic messages. Please see the last section of this guide for recommended values More information about managing the application server can be found in the PeopleSoft Server Tools Administration Peoplebook.Additional Information available in Peoplebooks under: Home > PeopleBooks Library > PeopleSoft Integration Broker > Configuring the Messaging Messaging Server Processes There are a variety of server processes devoted to application messaging. If you are not implementing the application messaging technology then you may skip through the delivered, default server processes. The delivered server processes are: †¢PSBRKDSP †¢PSBRKHND †¢PSPUBDSP †¢PSPUBHND †¢PSSUBDSP †¢PSSUBHND These server processes act as brokers, dispatchers, and handlers of the messages in your messaging system.For the purposes of this paper we will div ide these into two categories: Dipatchers and Handlers. Configuring Messaging Servers in PSADMIN This section provides overviews of messaging server configuration, dispatcher parameters, and handler parameters. Understanding Messaging Server Configuration Once you create dedicated messaging servers, you must configure their dispatcher and handler processes so they boot when you start the application server. You configure these processes using PSADMIN just as you do any other server process that runs on the application server.Before you attempt to configure additional messaging server processes, you should be familiar with the other server processes that run on the application server. For more information, please see Peoplebooks Working With PSADMIN Menus. As stated earlier, two types of server processes comprise each messaging server: a dispatcher and a handler. Each process type requires you to set a different set of parameters. Most of the parameters are similar to other server pr ocesses, such as PSSAPPSRV, but some parameters are specific to messaging servers. Note.The following sections also apply to the _dflt messaging server processes. Only one parameter is different between a dedicated messaging server process and its _dflt counterpart: the Channels parameter, which enables you to add message channels to the channel list. The _dflt server processes can’t be associated with any specific message channel. Understanding Dispatcher Parameters There are three generic process types that are the basis for all dispatcher processes: †¢PSBRKDSP — the publication broker dispatcher. †¢PSPUBDSP — the publication contractor dispatcher. PSSUBDSP — the subscription contractor dispatcher. The following parameters apply to all three process types. Recycle Count Specifies the number of times each dispatcher process will be executed before being terminated (intentionally) by the system and then immediately restarted. Servers must be int ermittently recycled to clear buffer areas. The time required to recycle a server is negligible—occurring in milliseconds. Recycle Count does not translate into a native Tuxedo parameter in the PSAPPSRV. UBB file. Instead the value is stored in memory and is managed by the system.Allowed Consec Service Failures This option allows for dynamic server process restarts in the event of service failures. To enable this option, enter a number greater than zero, and to disable this option enter 0. The default value for this parameter is 2. The value you enter is the number of consecutive service failures that will cause a recycle of the server process. This is a catchall error handling routine that allows a dispatcher to terminate itself if it receives multiple, consecutive, fatal error messages from service routines.Such errors should not occur consecutively, but if they do it indicates that the server process needs to be recycled or cleansed. A â€Å"Retry† message appears w hen the number of service failures you specified occurs. Handler Status CheckcountHandler check count is used to determine how often the dispatcher should look to get the number of associated handlers. The value of Handler Status Checkcount is the number of cycles that the dispatcher will perform before reading the MIB and getting the number of associated handlers. This comes into play when the number of handlers change (add more, some crash etc. by having the proper count , the dispatcher can queue up messages to the handler more efficiently. Also if there are no handlers, then the dispatcher will not queue up any publications causing the application server log to fill up. For 8. 4 it is simply used to determine if there are any handlers, and if not don't send the message to the handler. This is to eliminate any the informational messages in the appserv. log if the handlers are down. For 8. 42 it is used to merely look at see if any associated handler is booted. Going forward 8. 3 it will be used as one of the determinate of how much work should the dispatcher send out at one time. Scan IntervalSpecifies the number of seconds between scans of the work queue when idle. The scan interval is necessary to detect messages published from two-tier connections, because when a message is in the queue the broker server doesn’t receive a notice of the publication. A scan interval is required to make sure that two-tier messages get processed in a timely manner. The scan interval is analogous to the Process Scheduler polling the Process Request table.In addition, the scan interval detects messages that have been resubmitted after an error, for example. Decreasing the scan interval will decrease latency for two-tier publishes and error recovery Ping RateUsed for PSPUBDSP only. After this many seconds of inactivity, the server will scan the database queues and restart any stalled/crashed items. The scan rate and Ping rate (as percentage) will determine the actual int erval for pinging any unavailable remote nodes (algorithm used: Attempts * Ping Rate * Scan Inteval).Maximum Ping IntervalThe maximum Ping Interval (in Hours) is the maximum interval between subsequent attempted pings of any unavailable remote nodes. Memory Queue Refresh Rate PeopleSoft Integration Broker maintains current asynchronous messaging queues in system memory for quick access. On rare occasions these cached queues can become corrupted, at which point they must be refreshed from the Integration Broker data tables. The likelihood and frequency of cache corruption depends on a combination of factors specific to your messaging system.If you need to periodically refresh the in-memory queues, you can use this parameter to tailor the frequency of the refresh to fit your situation. Each dispatcher on your system has its own queue. For each queue you set the rate equal to the number of dispatch attempts that must occur before the queue is refreshed. The refresh occurs only when the specified number of dispatch attempts is reached for a given message channel. For example, with a memory queue refresh rate of 8, multiple channels could have up to seven dispatch attempts each without triggering any refresh.The following settings are also significant: †¢A setting of 0 disables the refresh altogether. This is the default value. A setting of 1 triggers a refresh immediately after every dispatch attempt, effectively disabling memory caching. Restart Period Specifies the number of seconds between restart attempts on Started items in the work queue. An item which stays in Started state for more than a few seconds might be stalled — for example, the service request might have been lost, or the handler might have crashed. Decreasing the restart period will reduce the latency for recovering stalled items with a status of Started.However, under high load, items might stay in the Started state longer than normal for valid reasons — all the handlers might be busy, and the handler service request for the item might be queued at the Tuxedo level. Setting the restart period too low will result in redundant restarts — the dispatcher will dispatch the item again, even though the original request is still in the Tuxedo queue. A small number of extra restarts is benign, but at higher volumes, the unnecessary restarts can fill up the queue and block real requests.The formula for a reasonable value for the Restart Period is: ((incoming requests per second) / (# of handlers)) * (average processing time per request) For example, if you have an incoming rate of twenty per second, and you have four handlers, each handler will be busy processing one item and will have four others waiting in the queue. A new item will have to wait for the currently processing item, plus the four enqueued items, before it will be processed. If each item takes 10 seconds to process, the new item will stay in â€Å"started† status for approximately 50 se conds before the handler works on it.If it stays in â€Å"started† status longer, it's likely that the request to the handler has been lost, and the item should be restarted. Understanding Handler Parameters There are three generic process types that are the basis for all handler processes: †¢PSBRKHND — the publication broker handler. †¢PSPUBHND — the publication contractor handler. †¢PSSUBHND — the subscription contractor handler. The following parameters apply to all three process types. Min Instances Specifies the number of handler server processes started at boot time. Max Instances Specifies the maximum number of handler server processes that can be started or spawned.Service Timeout Specifies the number of seconds a handlers waits for a service request before timing out. Service Timeouts are recorded in the TUXLOG and APPSRV. LOG. In the event of a timeout, the handler terminate itself and Tuxedo automatically restarts the process. Re cycle Count Specifies the number of times the system executes each server before PeopleSoft intentionally terminates the process. Server processes must be intermittently recycled to clear buffer areas. The time required to recycle a server is negligible—occurring in milliseconds. Recycle Count does not translate into a native Tuxedo parameter in the PSAPPSRV.UBB file. Instead the value is stored in memory and is managed by PeopleSoft. Allowed Consec Service Failures This option allows for dynamic server process restarts in the event of service failures. To enable this option, enter a number greater than zero, and to disable this option enter 0. The default for this parameter is 2. The numerical value you enter is the number of consecutive service failures that will cause a recycle of the server process. This is a catchall error handling routine that allows a handler to terminate itself if it receives multiple, consecutive, fatal error messages from service routines.Such error s should not occur consecutively, but if they do it indicates that the server process needs to be recycled or cleansed. A â€Å"Retry† message appears when the number of service failures you specified occurs. Max Retries Specifies the maximum number of times the server should attempt to restart a failed action. This parameter prevents a bad item from continuously crashing a handler process — its counter is incremented when the handler sets the status to â€Å"working,† but before it actually starts processing the item. Understanding Integration Broker Parameters The following parameters applies to the Integration Broker technology.Min Message Size for Compression The Min Message Size for Compression parameter enables you to configure the threshold of message before the system compresses the message. Local Compression The integration engine compresses and base64 encodes messages destined for the PeopleSoft listening connector on its local integration gateway, bas ed on a setting for the application server domain in the PSAPPSRV. CFG file, which you can configure using the PSADMIN utility. The setting is a threshold message size, above which messages will be compressed. PSADMIN presents the setting as follows: Values for config section – Integration BrokerMin Message Size For Compression=10000 Do you want to change any values (y/n)? [n]: The value is the message size in bytes; the default value is 10000 (10 KB). You can specify a setting of 0 to compress all messages. See Understanding Application Server Domain Parameters. Note. This setting has no effect on the compression of messages that the integration gateway sends using its target connectors. Information Set Profiling information for both Sync and Async processing External Configuration Set External Configuration =Y if you run the Pub/Sub processes on a different domain then where the appserver processes are run for PIA/ PORTAL.This will enhance the Integration Broker performance for Asynchronous processing Minimum and Recommended Values. Specific application server tuning needs vary by customer site based on volume and server capacity. Requests for tuning issues and assistance should be addressed to Peoplesoft Consulting. However, some specific information is available below: PSAPPSRV should have a minimum of 3 instances booted when starting Pub/Sub. PSBRKDSP/HND settings should be sized up. A minumum of 3 instances should be used for all application messaging scenarios. For one particular customer I recommend increasing the PSBRKHND settings to 10/10.Same with the PUB and SUB handler settings: set min/max of 10/10. Other customers have used as many as 20 instances for PSSUBHND. This is generally a tuning issue, and settings vary greatly from site to site. Recycle count: For dispatchers this should always be 0. For Handlers this can be 0, or reduced based on need. A single handler is restarting itself after this number services (this is not the number mess ages, but the number of calls from the tuxedo service). Setting this too low can create performance problems. When a service recycles itelf, all requests must wait for the handler to come back up and re-submit.It is generally recommended using 0 for this value. Otherwise a high number like 100,000 is recommended unless memory problems are encountered in which case this value can be lowered. Restart Period. Since restart period controls how long before a started item will be resubmitted, dispatcher requests may be resubmitting themselves over and over again resulting in a higher queue number. This can be adjusted by changing Restart Period=5 to a higher number. Customers will need to play with this and monitor results, but setting this to 120 would be better than the delivered 5 second interval, especially when using a lower value recycle count.

The Top 6 ACT Science Tips You Must Use

The Top 6 ACT Science Tips You Must Use SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many students struggle with ACT Science. Students, who came to me for tutoring after taking their first official ACT test, typically performed worst on this section.It is very fast and unlike any other science test. This section more than any other is about pacing and strategy. I was able to boost my ACT Science score 5 points with a few tips.So, what simple tips and tricks can you use to boost your ACT Science score right now? ACT Science Tip #1: Save the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage for Last Every question in the ACT Science section is worth the same point value, so you want to get the most points in the limited amount of time given (35 minutes total or 52.5 seconds per question). To get the most points, you should save the most time-consuming passage for last, which conflicting viewpoints is.If you do not know the 3 Types of ACT Science Passages, read this articlefirst. As a brief summary, there are 3 types of passages, 7 passages used on the test: 3 Data Representation Passages 3 Research Summaries Passages 1 Conflicting Viewpoints Passage The Conflicting Viewpoints Passage has no graphs or tables.Instead, there are two or more scientists/students/theories presented in short paragraphs.The questions ask you about each viewpoint and the differences and similarities between the viewpoints.You need to read and understand the entire passage to answer the questions.Therefore, this passage will take the longest, so save it for last, so it doesn’t kill your pace. Conflicting Viewpoints should be THE END You should be able to speed through the other 2 types of passages using our next tip: ACT Science Tip #2: Use Only Visuals to Answer Questions in Data Representation and Research Summary Passages Again, since every question is worth the same point value and you only have 52.5 seconds per question, you want to answer as many questions as you can in the shortest amount of time. Saving Conflicting Viewpoints until the end will save you some time, but not reading the Data Representation and Research Summary passages will save you even more time. Most of the questions in these 2 types of passages can be answered by using the visuals and not reading the passage, so you will actually save time and answer more questions correctly by not reading these passages! Counterintuitive, I know. Since the majority of the questions ask you about data which is presented in the visuals, you just need to look at these visuals to find the correct answer. Learn more about this in our other article on time management and section strategy. Again, skip reading these passages, jump right to the questions and answer as many as you can with visuals alone.If you can’t get to a final answer, at least use the visuals for process of elimination: ACT Science Tip #3: Use Process of Elimination Again,you have very little time on the ACT Science section (5 minutes per passage or 52.5 seconds per question). You need to find ways to make the best use of your limited time. So, as you start to notice what cannot be the correct answer, cross it out. This process of elimination will help you make the best use of your time and will lead you to the correct answer. If you don'tuse process of elimination, you may jump to pick an answer before making sure it is the best answer choice. With process of elimination, you know your final answer is the only one thatCANbe correct. If it is wrong, cross it out! You do not want to let anything slow you down, including the big science terms: ACT Science Tip #4: Make Sure You Read the Right Figure and Pay Attention to Labels In my experience teaching students, the most common careless mistake I see is reading the wrong figure and mixing up the labels. If you look at Figure 2 when you're supposed to be looking at Figure 3, you'll make huge mistakes. And you can bet the ACT has trap answers that bait you into these mistakes. Similarly, graphs often have labeled x and y-axes, and you need to make sure you're looking at the correct axis to find the correct data value. Check out my guide on reading graphs to make sure you don't make these mistakes. ACT Science Tip #5: Don't Get Stuck onBig Science Terms ACT Science is really a misnomer; the test should be called the â€Å"reading with very confusing big words and tricky visuals† section.The reason ACT Science does not force you to memorize AP level Bio or complete IB Physics HL problems is that not everyone takes all of that math in high school. For ACT Science to be a fair standardized test for all high school students, the test asks you about basic science concepts in tricky or confusing ways. The ACT Science does not expect you to be familiar with the big science terms it throws at you. ACT Science Tip #6: Don't Study ScienceTerms If you need to know a science term to answer a question, the term will be defined for you in the passage. For most of the large science terms that are not defined,you will not need to understand them to get to the answer.Think of it as a matching game. If a question asks about average change in AGTB and you do not know what that is, simply find the term â€Å"average change in AGTB† in a visual (such as a graph) and then see if you can find the data you need to answer the question. There are only 4 outside knowledge questions on ACT Science that require you to know concepts outside of the passage. We detail every concept you need to know in this guide. Recap Use these 6 tips and you will see an instant improvement: Save the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage for last. Try to use only visuals to answer questions in Data Representation and Research Summary Passages. Use Process of Elimination. Make sure you read the right figure and pay attention to labels. Do not get caught up in the big science terms. Don't actually study science to improve your score. Keep these tips in mind before your test and you'll avoid careless mistakes and save time! These strategies alone may not help you push your score to the maximum. Be sure to check out our other articles for maximum score improvement. What’s Next? Learnabout the differenttypes of questions on the ACT Science section such asfactual questions,interpreting trends questions, and experimental design and hypothetical change questions. Looking for overall ACT Science review? Read our complete guide to the section. Taking the ACT really soon? Check out our guide to cramming. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Effect of Mno2 on the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Essay Example

Effect of Mno2 on the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Essay Example Effect of Mno2 on the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Paper Effect of Mno2 on the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Paper Chemistry Catalyst Report Aim I am trying to investigate the effect of the mass of magnesium dioxide used on the speed of the reaction of 2H2O2(aq) ? 2H2O(l) + O2(g). I hypothesize that the speed of the reaction is proportional to the rate of decomposition. Independent Variable The mass of MnO2 used Dependent Variable The rate of decomposition through the amount of mass lost Controlled Variables Environment of the experiment Stay in the same place to carry out the experiment and finish the experiment as fast as possible in case of a sudden change in some areas of the environment Volume of H2O2 usedMeasure the volume using a measuring cylinder Uncontrollable Variable The temperature of the H2O2 cannot be controlled because the process, which I am trying to speed up through adding catalysts, is an exothermic reaction, meaning that heat is given off in the process. Because it gives off heat, the temperature cannot be controlled and this would affect my results, as there would be more than one dependent variable. I was only allowed H2O2 from the same source, which means no fresh source of H2O2 at a controlled temperature. I could not wait for the H2O2 to decompose to a certain temperature because that would take too long. I could not use the catalysts to help the H2O2 to decompose to that temperature for the experiment to start because it would be difficult to gage when to take out the catalyst and catalysts are unable to be used up. Equipment ?Top pan balance ?H2O2 – 300ml ?MnO2 –5g ?50ml Beakers 10 ?Conical flasks 5 ?Spatula ?Cotton Wool ?Measuring cylinder Diagram Method 1. Gather the equipment and set it up like in the diagram above. 2. Using a top pan balance, a beaker and a spatula, measure 0. 1g, 0. 2g, 0. 3g, 0. 4g and 0. 5g of MnO2 and place them in different beakers. 3. Measure 50ml of H2O2 using a measuring cylinder and fill 5 beakers with 50ml of H2O2 each. 4. Place a new conical flask and enough cotton wool to cover the hole of the conical flask on the top pan balance. Hit the â€Å"TARE† button. 5. Pour in 50ml of H2O2 6. Record the mass shown 7. Pour in 0. 1g of MnO2 and cover the hole of the conical flask with the cotton wool 8. The total weight of the solution would then be the mass recorded in step 5 plus the mass of the MnO2 in step 7 9. Start timing when the MnO2 is added. 10. Record the mass shown on the top pan balance every 5 seconds. Catalysts are substances, which help speed up chemical reactions. Reactions happen when the two reacting particles collide, but if the force of their collision is not above a certain level, the reaction would not happen. This minimum amount of energy required for the reaction to take place between the particles is called activation energy. Catalysts are useful because they provide an alternative surface for the particles to react, with a lower activation energy. The disadvantage of using a catalyst is that the reactions are not as energetic and thus the product is less. For this reaction, less oxygen would be produced. Catalysts are never used up. And because they are never used up, we are able to collect them back after the reaction, still as good as before without changing chemically. Before adding the catalysts, only some particles have enough energy to react. It is represented by the green section. The rest of the particles that cannot pass the activation energy barrier is represented by the blue. After adding the catalysts, the catalysts provide an alternative path for the particles to react. The average activation energy is lowered and now, more particles are able to react. This graph shows the before and after effect of adding a catalyst on the activation energy required for the reaction to start. Through the results obtained, it is clear that the mass of catalyst used is proportional to the speed of the reaction. The higher the mass of catalyst used, the more particles of catalyst is in the solution, the more alternative paths of reacting is given to the particles, therefore the faster the reaction. It can thus be concluded theoretically and practically that the more mass of catalyst used, the faster the reaction rate. I have graphed the results from the experiment. The above table shows the gradients I had derived from the graphs. All the results fit my hypothesis except for 0. 3g and 0. 4g. From the graph, it can be derived that even though the rate of reaction is proportional to the catalyst, it is not directly proportional. Sources of Error ?Results from obtained from this lab experiment can never be accurate because of a few reasons. Firstly, catalysts and reaction are sped up by heat. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is an exothermic reaction. This means that the decomposition reaction gives off heat. Because there is no way I could do all the experiment at the same time, the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide changes every time I start the experiment. I have explained this more clearly in the section of uncontrollable variables. ?Next, the beakers that the hydrogen peroxide was stored in were not washed clean and not washed by the lab technicians. This meant that the beakers were washed by the previous batch of students who used them and they might not have washed them properly. Because the students are also not provided with chemicals to wash the beaker such that it is clean of impurities, some of the beakers used may have been contaminated. ?When I was pouring the hydrogen peroxide into the conical flask using a funnel, because of liquid having a tension property, some of the hydrogen peroxide â€Å"stuck† on to the funnel. This meant that not all of the 50ml of hydrogen peroxide was poured in. ?Because it would be hard to measure 0. g of MnO2 in a conical flask, I measured it in a beaker. By putting it in a beaker, when I tried to pour it into the conical flask, some of the powder got stuck onto the beaker, due to static electricity. Ways to improve Have the lab technician clean the equipment with proper cleaning methods first, preventing contamination. Use freshly made hydrogen peroxide and use it for the experiment straight away or use the hydrogen peroxide for the experiment after a timed period of maybe 5 minutes, this way all the hydrogen peroxide used from the fresh source is always decomposed to that same level. Use a conical flask with a larger neck or use a big beaker, this way I would not have had to use a beaker because the reaction is not very violent, the liquid from the spewing bubbles would not burst out of the beaker if it was big enough. Because the masses of MnO2 was small, I could have measured the mass of the MnO2 on another spatula. If the MnO2 still stuck to the spatula due to static electricity, even less MnO2 would be stuck to the spatula because the surface area of which the MnO2 is exposed to is smaller.

Conquer Your Inbound Marketing Strategy with this Process (4 Templates)

Conquer Your Inbound Marketing Strategy with this Process (4 Templates) If you’re working in digital marketing in 2019, chances are the majority of your activities revolve around inbound marketing. Many marketing teams take an ad hoc approach to inbound, with bits of PPC, content marketing, and social media sprinkled here and there. Rarely do teams have a full fledged inbound marketing strategy and process in place. Laying a good foundation and process for your inbound strategy has a couple of great benefits. Drives more leads into your marketing funnel. Better addresses target persona pain points. Ensures all team members are working toward the same goals. Aligns cross-channel messaging. Before showing you how to create a bullet-proof inbound marketing strategy and process, you’ll want to download these templates. You’ll receive a†¦ A keyword planning spreadsheet  to help drive better results for your inbound activities. A content audit guide  to help identify your content deficits. A content mapping template  to map your content to each funnel stage. A user persona worksheet  to help you target the right people. in oneplace. Save 20 hrs this week alone and every weekafter. If youve ever kicked the tires on , nows the time to see what its reallylike. Schedule Your Demo Success! Your download should start shortly. Clean up the chaos with your editorial calendar! With , youll Save time with blogging, social, and email think HOURS every week Schedule your social posts in batches and increase your posting frequency super easily Get your sht together and hold yourself accountable to publishing like the boss you are! Now’s the perfect time to start your 14-day free trial to see for yourself! Start Your Free Trial

The Domestication of Animals and its Impact on World Civilizations Essay

The Domestication of Animals and its Impact on World Civilizations Over Time - Essay Example Both Eastern and Western hemispheres experienced huge progress in uniquely different ways. One innovation that largely affected the development of societies and contributed to their progress was the domestication of animals. The domestication of animals positively impacted civilizations around the world by advancing agricultural and economic development, improving trade and international relations, and expanding cultural expression. The advancement of agriculture and economic aspects occurred in many different civilizations including the Chinese, Egyptian, and even Neolithic societies as a result of the domestication of animals. During the time span of the Xia dynasty to the Han Dynasty, the Chinese domesticated animals such as chickens, ducks, pigs, and dogs (Gascoigne). These ducks, pigs, and dogs were used as their fresh food source. Chickens also served as a food producer of eggs, a food commonly consumed in the Chinese diet. In addition to supplying a fresh source of food, domesticated animals in China were also used to help produce crops. The Chinese utilized oxen to pull plows, which helped humans more efficiently plow their land and positively affected the agricultural growth as a result of the increased production of crops. Therefore, the domestication of animals shaped both the Chinese diet and improved its economy through the increase of agricultural efficiency. In Egypt, cattle and pigs were raised t o supply major food products as well. Later on during the New Kingdom, Egyptians started to domesticate chickens, which served the same purpose for the Egyptians as it did for the Chinese.

The question of the past how does it influence the future and the Essay

The question of the past how does it influence the future and the present , can we change it what is the meaning of history in o - Essay Example Past events and experiences designs and shapes our present feelings, personality traits and present manifested behavior, (Darnton 123). All the experiences that people have been through during childhood dramatically influence the present and future life. Ones past constantly affect his present and will keep influencing his present and future as long as one is not aware of the linkage between his past, present and future. In fact, some psychoanalysts and psychologists argue that one’s present life is a product of the past events, experiences and behavior. Early memories of childhood are the foundation from which most of the people begin to form their beliefs, norms and value about the universe. For instance, if a young child believed that his family is according extra attention and care to his younger brother then he may grow with the misconception that his parents adore his younger brother than him. This past event influence the life of this child later on, because the child w ill grow with the belief that someone else is better preferred over him. When that boy matures and marries, he might begin thinking that the wife is infidel whenever she associates or smiles to another man. In this case, the initial believe that developed during childhood influenced the man’s perception of life. ... In terms of the experiences, people made decisions concerning such experiences that they consequently carry forward with them. In fact, people project such experiences into their tomorrow and expect such dreams, decisions, thoughts and beliefs to continue being real, (Darnton 128). For instance thoughts such as â€Å"I am good for nothing, they don’t love me, I am ugly† when people project these thoughts out into their future - with expectations of them being true in the present and future – people perpetuate themselves being the same people they believe to be tomorrow. In other words, they recreate the similar experiences over time, proving to themselves that they are indeed, that person of the past. Times is must spend and slowly and steadily running. This is the steadiest progress that one can speak about -time. Thus, each moment of an individuals’ life is exactly a yesterday’s time. When we were born, we began this journey of life at zero, and n ow several decades of our lifetime are spend. Thus, people definitely have a history, a past, indeed. Reflecting back at the past, we discover some happy moments and other unhappy moments. The past only makes a different through one’s perception of the current and future world around him. The past defines one’s ways of perceiving the current and the tomorrow’s world. It shapes our expectations, behavior, and values of the world and events taking place now and in the future. Therefore, it is evident that one’s past life increasingly affects his thoughts, views and choices that he makes in the current life and for next life to come. Can we change the past? As earlier

Fundamental of Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fundamental of Advertising - Essay Example Moreover, if the endorsing celebrity were to be experiencing scandals, then this could actually damage the corporate image of the advertiser. In addition, recommendation fatigue could ensue, if there were to be a high frequency use of the same celebrity (Huang, Hsieh, & Chen, 2011, p. 9971). It has been a long standing practice with marketers to improve the appeal of a brand by resorting to celebrity endorsement. Celebrities, unlike non – celebrities, can significantly improve the image of a product, and render an advertisement outstanding. In fact, a global celebrity can successfully traverse language barriers and promote a product in the international market. They serve to develop a para – social relationship, despite the absence of direct contact with consumers (Tantiseneepong, Gorton, & White, 2012, p. 57). A major advertising strategy is to resort to celebrity endorsers. In this advertising technique, a famous person recommends a product in an advertisement. It has been demonstrated by several studies that celebrity endorsers enhance recall rates with regard to marketing communications. Moreover, this strategy achieves a positive impact upon the attitude of consumers with regard to the brand (Boyland, Harrold, Kirkham, & Halford, 2012, p. 659). Consequently, there is an increase in the likelihood that these consumers would purchase the product. As such, these celebrities increase sales, due to an increase in attention towards advertisements, in which they participate. Furthermore, there is an extension of the celebrities’ credibility from their areas of fame to the product that they endorse (Boyland, Harrold, Kirkham, & Halford, 2012, p. 659). Moreover, sensationalism has made its way into marketing strategy, as consumers tend to identify to a greater degree with products that are endorsed by the so called regular guy. As a result, advertisers now believe that celebrity endorsement is very effective. The relationship between

The topic is to answer the case questions that are in box Coursework

The topic is to answer the case questions that are in box - Coursework Example Therefore, the statement is correct since firms are different and cannot all adopt similar strategies. Multinational firms have many departments and units, and there is a high probability of the organizations operations not being smooth. The international markets are very uncertain and hence there is a need to combine integration and differentiation in order to operate effectively even with the uncertainties. Performance ambiguity occurs when the firm cannot understand the reasons as to why a subunit or a department is experiencing difficulties. It is necessary that a firm predict possible causes and consequences of performance ambiguity before venturing into an international or a transnational strategy. Understanding the causes and consequences leads to designing better performance strategies, and losses are  minimized. The main reason for an expansion is maximization of profits.it is necessary that performance ambiguity is avoided by understanding its possible causes and consequences so that the firm does not fail to achieve its aims. Organization architecture determines how decisions are made, how individuals are and how performance is evaluated (Miles & Snow, 2003). Transnational organizations have complex environmental demands that require flexibility in internal integrative process. There is a tendency to have conflicting domestic and foreign operations, and so each unit should operate individually. An international divisional structure should be  adopted. All units will operate individually but under one overall management. The operations of one unit will not influence the other units. Each unit should be independent and should adapt to its business environment. When each firm operates individually, controlling becomes easy since mistakes can be identified and corrected without affecting the whole organization. Shared decision-making is  avoided. A firm that requires globalizing is subject to operating in diverse forms of business

Managing conflicts on colleges Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managing conflicts on colleges - Research Paper Example There emerged many cases of strikes in schools, may it be based on the administration part or the faculty part, the end game is not so entertaining. These conflicts have led to destruction of mass properties belonging to the public. There are also losses of lives among the participants and non-participants who may be the public. The causes of these conflicts have changing over the times. The main causes not being known in order to make better speculations and prevention matters. In trying to identify these problems their causes and the possible measures and their protection measures, I will go through the different divisions (Bowden, 2002). I will go through these divisions of the institutions and make a report that may assist in preventing and solving the conflicts. Residence halls conflicts These are the dwelling places of the students they may include, the dormitories, hostels, and the rental houses rented by the students, which are near the school. In the residence halls, there are minimal cases of conflicts, but the moment they arise, it is so severe. Conflicts in these areas arise mainly from the context of student placing and securing rooms for themselves. There are certain halls and rooms where the students find suitable and comfortable. Because of this the students scramble for this placements where they may even fight in order for one to secure a place there. In the case of securing rooms, every student in the colleges knows it is his/her right to have a room. Once the vice versa happens and a group of students do not secure themselves one they start demonstrations. The cases in the resident’s halls may be overlooked before it is too late in order to prevent the mass destructions from taking places. These measures may include specifying in writings and ev ery student made aware of their respective placements in the dormitories and the hostels (Patent Report, 1998).). The catering departments in the college may for example give the specifications on the rooms allocated to the first

The topic is to answer the case questions that are in box Coursework

The topic is to answer the case questions that are in box - Coursework Example Therefore, the statement is correct since firms are different and cannot all adopt similar strategies. Multinational firms have many departments and units, and there is a high probability of the organizations operations not being smooth. The international markets are very uncertain and hence there is a need to combine integration and differentiation in order to operate effectively even with the uncertainties. Performance ambiguity occurs when the firm cannot understand the reasons as to why a subunit or a department is experiencing difficulties. It is necessary that a firm predict possible causes and consequences of performance ambiguity before venturing into an international or a transnational strategy. Understanding the causes and consequences leads to designing better performance strategies, and losses are  minimized. The main reason for an expansion is maximization of profits.it is necessary that performance ambiguity is avoided by understanding its possible causes and consequences so that the firm does not fail to achieve its aims. Organization architecture determines how decisions are made, how individuals are and how performance is evaluated (Miles & Snow, 2003). Transnational organizations have complex environmental demands that require flexibility in internal integrative process. There is a tendency to have conflicting domestic and foreign operations, and so each unit should operate individually. An international divisional structure should be  adopted. All units will operate individually but under one overall management. The operations of one unit will not influence the other units. Each unit should be independent and should adapt to its business environment. When each firm operates individually, controlling becomes easy since mistakes can be identified and corrected without affecting the whole organization. Shared decision-making is  avoided. A firm that requires globalizing is subject to operating in diverse forms of business

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Literature review - Essay Example On the contrary, marketing is perhaps the only functional division of an enterprise which is solely concerned with the consumer. It is regarded by many critics that marketing is the most crucial of all the functional aspects of the business; it can be argued that marketing is the prime means for attracting a customer, and without customers, there is little that the other departments are going to do. Marketing is important in helping the company to construct upon their corporate and business foundations, and to use them to solidify their goals. In order to further the objectives of the business, the business needs to consider the bigger picture. From the perspective of launching a product in the market, the bigger picture would entail exploring the market potential for the product, researching the competitors in the market giving particular attention to their strengths and weaknesses, coming up with an appropriate marketing strategy for the product and selecting suitable marketing cha nnels. Moreover it is also important to develop apposite measures for managing and supervising the launch of the product in the market. ... Functioning businesses have two main purposes. Firstly, they are working for the retention of the customers that they have attracted. Secondly, businesses are endeavoring for attracting new customers and increasing their clientele. There are a number of philosophies that can be implemented for the attainment of these two goals of the business. The first philosophy relates to the production concept. This means that all consumers are going to consume those products that are not only within the range of affordability but are also easily and extensively found. One of the famous corporations who follow this strategy is Wal-Mart. According to the founder of Wal-Mart, Sam Walton, the company should work on the philosophy of ‘Pile ‘em high and sell ‘em cheap’ (Moore & Pareek 2009). On the other hand, the product concept entails that customers are going to buy that product which is the most promising in terms of its value after taking into account the worth and perfor mance of the product. Consumers are going to perform an evaluation of the product according to its various features, such as how durable it is or its serviceability; at times customers take into account a juxtaposition of the factors and their choice of different products depends on whether the products meet these juxtaposed product-based aspects. When referring to brands, customers also take into consideration whether the product is going to fulfill their psychological need or not. Five Forces Model Enterprises which operate on the selling concept support the notion that a large-scale effort is needed to promote a product; in the absence of a large-scale concept, customers are not going to consume enough products in order to

The attempt to manage population change Essay Example for Free

The attempt to manage population change Essay Thailand had a massive population problem where in 1970 it had a large youthful population and an ageing population which can create a lot of problems for the economy and country in the future so Thailand had various schemes in order to fix this, these being split into social, economic and political solution. The main way to decrease population is to increase the amount of contraceptives used and available by the public so socially condoms became available anyway for example the cinema or festivals even traffic jams, this would mean that more people would have access to condoms and ultimately have less children. Although condoms became the main feature of the campaign, the Thai government also supported Mechais efforts by making a wide range of contraceptives available to the public too for example the pill. Thailand was one of the first countries to use intravenous contraceptive DPMA and is one of the largest users. This was a successful as most Thais were open to accepting new ideas so were rooting for this new campaign, these contraceptive methods were spread to rural areas too so all of Thailand benefited from this. This also created free and readily available sterilisation which promoted the use of birth control, PDA offer free vasectomies at festivals on the kings birthday too. This success was due to the large egalitarian relationship between men and women, it is also higher than most developed countries in the world and this promoted family planning because of the contraceptive use which was available for both genders, also the advances and improvements in healthcare for mothers and children had a large role to play in the success of the scheme. Schools and university schemes helped to also teach the younger population about contraceptives and family planning to insure that they use contraceptives in the future, this plan was reinforced by the fact that 90% had a high literacy rate which means that the educational opportunities are the same and they are taught the importance of family planning and contraceptive use. They also use things like condoms and cabbages to break down barriers in conversations regarding this subject. Thailands population is largely made up of  Buddhists, around 95% of the population are Buddhist. Family planning in the Buddhist scriptures are also a reason why this scheme has been successful, for example it says many children make you poor telling the population to increase their use of contraceptives to economically benefit which brings me to my next point. The economy plays a large role in the task to bring down the birth rate and decrease the ageing population. PDA offers loans linked to contraception use and preference was given to applicants who were practising family planning. Loans were based on character, credit worthiness and the type of project. Interest rates were substantially lower than traditional moneylenders in poor rural communities. This encouraged couples to family plan in order to obtain more money and increase their standard of living leading to the use of contraceptives and healthcare and larger loans were given to those who used more successful methods of contraception. PDA provided loans to build rain water catchment jars for drinking water set up rice banks, pig banks and buffalo banks. The PDA provided loans to build rain water catchment jars for drinking water so No money was involved just a loan in the form of the animal which would benefit those who live in rural areas and farm or cant afford to buy meat, this also encourages the use of family planning and contraceptive use. Lastly they recognised the effect that it can have on tourism if HIV/AIDS spreads and becomes a high rate, so the economic schemes were successful due to the growth in urban population and also the high rates of urban and industrial growth. I feel that the political changes created the biggest impact on the attempt on population change and was able to successfully do so, in 1971 family planning was made a national goal so was recognised by the whole of Thailand, Mechai Viravaidya launched the PDA which is an Investment in combatting Aids and poor international reputation for sex tourism which lead to a 20x increase investment which reduced from 2% in 1990 to 1.2% 2015. There is also a backup of 100% government enforcement campaign in sex establishments. These schemes were schemes were successful due to the creative drive, imagination marketing from the genius of Mechai Viravaidya in addition the PDA worked closely with the government. In conclusion I feel that the attempt to manage population change has been a success as in 2010 the birth rate has decreased dramatically and these schemes have been recognised globally which shows that there methods to manage the change in population to be very effective and successful for the reasons I have explained.

Defamation And Free Speech In England And Russia Law Essay

Defamation And Free Speech In England And Russia Law Essay The basis of modern society is formed by the fundamental human right of freedom of speech. The importance of having this fundamental right is immense. In order for this world to continue modernizing, it is very important to let every individual voice his/her opinion. However, in certain situations what one person says (intentionally or unintentionally) might harm the reputation of another person. I believe that defamation law and freedom of speech are two different sides of the same coin. They always go together, yet talk about two contradicting concepts. If freedom of speech gives everyone the right to express themselves, then defamation limits this right, in order to protect the reputation of individuals from being harmed. Every country has its own coin which is unique in its own way. This means that every legal system has its own way of evaluating freedom of speech and defamation law. Therefore, I think, it will be interesting to make compare the defamation law in the Russian lega l system and the defamation law in the English legal system, as they are both part of completely different legal traditions. By examining these two different jurisdictions, I will try to evaluate whether defamation law infringes the fundamental human right of speech. Defamation law in England: General overview (Defamation and Free Speech): Defamation is quite different from the other torts because, unlike the others it protects something that is indistinct; it protects the claimants reputation (not personal safety or personal integrity, unlike the other torts). Since it protects something so abstract, it can be difficult to actually reach a fair conclusion. Thus, the question here arises that what is defamatory and did it really harm the reputation of the claimant. It should be clarified as to what is actually meant by harm the reputation of the claimant. This phrase means that certain comments/statements have caused the claimant to be avoided and shunned by the right-thinking members of the society. Defamation can be made in two forms, either libel (i.e. permanent/written form) or slander (i.e. auditory form). In order to give rise to liability in defamation the claimant has to mainly prove three things. Firstly, the statement has to be defamatory (i.e. should harm the reputation of the claimant). Secondly, the claimant also has to prove that the statement was in fact referring to the claimant and not someone else. Thirdly, the defamatory statement was demonstrated to a third party (by third party, it is meant at least one other person). Moreover, in cases of slander the claimant also has to prove that the statement caused actual damage (i.e. financial loss). Once the claimant proves these things, the burden of proof falls on the defendant, because the statement(s) is/are presumed to be false.  [1]   When it comes to human rights, especially free speech, many critics believe that the English legal system does a poor job of protecting it. The main reason is believed to be the fact the Great Britain does not have a written constitution. Therefore, the interpretation of human rights lies in the hands of the judges (who can be very subjective). However, things have changed slightly since the introduction of European Human Rights Convention and 1998 Human Rights Act, both of which have helped the English law to develop and also clarify certain points. Nevertheless in certain situations it can be seen that the English law still struggles to provide justice to these acts  [2]  . This was the case in R v Shayler, where Mr. Shayler, a former member of the Security Service, disclosed that MI5 kept files on future labour ministers, alleged incompetence relating to the IRA bombing of Bishopsgate in the City of London in 1993, and the bombing of the Israeli embassy in London a year later, and that MI6 was involved in a plot to assassinate the Libyan leader, Muammar Gadafy, in 1995. The defence of Mr. Shayler was based on the freedom of expression and public interest. He was charged under the Official Secrets Act 1989 which prohibited any member of the security and intelligence services, from disclosing any information about his/her work. However, according to Mr. Shayler this act was incompatible with article 10 of the Convention and it violated his right of free speech. Nonetheless, the House of Lords decided unanimously to dismiss his appeal  [3]  . Consequently, I personally believe that it can be seen from the type of information Mr. Shayler disclosed, that he acted in public interest. Defences: Defences are given more importance in defamation than in other aspects of tort. The defences are given such immense importance, in order to avoid violating the constitutional right of free speech. Moreover, it is not very difficult for the claimant to establish the elements of defamation. Once the claimant established the elements, it is up to the defendant to prove his/her innocence. Therefore, defences are of enormous importance. There are certain defences which help the defendant to do so, for example, Justification (truth), privilege, fair comment and defence of innocent publication under s. 1 Defamation Act 1996. Other than these defences, there are some others, which help the defendant to remove the liability, for example, offer of amends under s.2 Defamation Act 1996 and expiry of limitation period  [4]  . Since the statement made by the claimant is assumed to be false, the defence of justification tells that whatever the defendant published was true and thus the claimant has no right to complain about true statements which lower his/her reputation. Moreover, if the defendant has made a number of distinct charges against the claimant, then it will be sufficient that the defendant proves the truth of most of the charges such that the other statements do not injure the claimants reputation materially. Defamatory statements made on a privileged occasion are not actionable. Privileged occasions are those, where public interest in freedom of speech is such that it overrules any concerns as to the effect of this freedom on the claimants reputation.  [5]  There are two types of privileges, absolute and qualified. Absolute privilege applies to statements made in Parliament, court hearings, any document ordered to be published by House of Parliament and communications between certain officers of state. Qualified privilege applies to an occasion where the person who makes a communication has an interest or a duty (legal, social, or moral) to make it to the person to whom it is so made has a corresponding interest or duty to receive it.  [6]  The rationale for this is said to be the common convenience and welfare of society. Unlike absolute privilege, the defence of qualified privilege will be defeated if malice is proved. Fair comment protects the defendants right to criticize the claimant, which is why the defendant does not have to show that his/her words are true. However, this right to criticize is kept within strict boundaries. In order to qualify for this defence the defendant must prove that he/she was acting in public interest. Moreover the defendant should also show that the statement was based upon a set of facts and that the defendant honestly held that opinion. If a person was involuntarily or unknowingly involved in the process of publication of the defamatory material, then the defence of innocent publication (under s.1 of DA 1996) will apply to him/her. The defendant should prove that he/she took reasonable care in relation to the statements publication. Moreover, he/she should also prove that he/she had no reason whatsoever to believe that his/her actions caused or contributed to the publication of a defamatory statement. This defence cannot be applied to the author, editor or publisher. If the defendant has unintentionally defamed the claimant, then he/she can make an offer of amends (i.e. publish an apology). If the claimant accepts this offer then the proceedings would end, however, if the claimant refuses to accept it, then this would become a defence for the defendant. The expiry of the limitation period cannot be really regarded as a defence; it is more of an assertion that the claimant has run out of time to bring his/her claims for defamation. It is obvious from the defences mentioned above, that English law tries to take reasonable care to protect free speech from being violated. However, the question which arises here is whether these defences are enough. I personally think that it is not enough, because despite the strong defences there are still some major glitches in the system. The main example would be the unnecessarily high costs of bringing up a defamation lawsuit. Since legal aid is not available, the cost of hiring a lawyer is relatively high. This leads us to think that defamation law is only for the rich and the poor cannot seek justice from it. Defamation in Russian Law General Overview (defamation and free speech): In the Russian legal system, up until the last decade of 20th century, defamation was a part of the criminal law. The Russian Criminal Code contains five articles which deal with defamation. In order to sue for criminal defamation the claimant must prove that the statement was made with malicious intent to harm the claimants reputation. Furthermore, the claimant must also prove that the defendant knew that the statement was false. In the past two decades, due to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian law underwent some major reforms, such as the introduction of defamation in civil law. Civil defamation is covered by various articles of the Russian Civil Code. According to article 152 of the Civil Code, the elements required in order to establish civil defamation are: dissemination of information, information must be defamatory; the information must be false, the information should be of factual nature, and the information should be referring to the claimant. The claimant only needs to prove that the statement was published, other than this the burden of proof falls on the defendant. Defences  [7]  : Russian civil defamation law mainly focuses on how to deal with the defendant who is found guilty. This can be seen in the emphasis placed by these requirements on the grounds for bringing a defamation lawsuit, how the defamatory statement will be refuted and how the compensation should be awarded. The main problem with these rules is that they contain very little information on how the defendant may defend him/herself. The defences are provided under international law. First, a defendant should be given a fair opportunity to prove that the statement made by him/her is true. If the defendant succeeds in doing so, it removes liability from the defendant. Second, if the statement was made in public interest and it was reasonable in all circumstances for the defendant to publish the information in the form he/she did, then the defendant can benefit from the defence of reasonable publication. Finally, the defendant cannot be liable if the statement actually expresses his/her opinion. An opinion is defined as a statement which does not include any factual expression or cannot reasonably be interpreted as a fact, because of the language or context. Evaluation: Defamation law and free speech are both equally important concepts in our society. One persons right of free speech should be balanced against another persons right to being protected against being defamed by lies. Therefore it is crucial to exercise freedom of speech and defamation law helps to do so. I personally believe, that defamation law is one of the most important part of tort law, since it protects people against those false statements which might harm their reputation. Moreover, defamation law tries its level best not to infringe free speech. The defences used in defamation law try to create a balance between freedom of speech and defamation. However, in certain cases freedom of speech ends up getting violated. In England free speech is fundamental human right which is granted by the common law and protected by the statute law. Provisions are taken by the judiciary in order to avoid violating the constitutional right of freedom of speech. This can be seen in English defamation law, which has a lot of defences which help the defendant to protect his/her interests (i.e. free speech). However, compared to other common law countries, for example USA, the English defamation law has some glitches. The main example would be placing the burden of proof on the defendant or assuming that the statement made by the defendant is false. I think that this places the defendant in an unfair position. In Russian law, the defences are very limited and the punishment is greater because defamation in Russian law is regarded as a criminal offence in certain cases. I think that defamation should not be regarded as a criminal offence under any circumstances because it creates an impermissible chilling effect stemming the flow of protected speech.  [8]  Moreover, the burden of proof shifts improperly, thus, requiring the defendant to prove his/her innocence. I believe that Russian defamation law needs to cut out defamation from criminal law completely. It can be seen that compared to English defamation law; Russian defamation law limits free speech to a greater extent. The main reasons are limited number of defences and defamation being a part of the criminal law. However, the Russian law has tried to improve the situation by implementing defamation in their Civil Code. The result of my research says, that despite the fact that the defences help to minimize the negative effect of defamation law on free speech it can be said that almost every legal system infringes free speech to some extent. The main reason for this is limited number of defences (in the case of Russian law) and in some cases the judges tend to favour the protection of reputation more than free speech.

Andy Warhol Essay -- essays research papers

The attitude of Warhol only confused society more. Instead of hiding his association with commercial art as other artists did, drawing and dividing the line between it and real art, he erased the line. â€Å"The Pop artists did images that anybody walking down Broadway could recognize in a split second.†(Warhol) Pop artist figures competed in that art market where images and auras, no just objects, are offered for consumption. Warhol has never objected to this state of affairs, which he did so much to reveal – and indeed, to push to new extremes of sophistication. Warhol introduced society to a new kind of art that is now being recognized as real art, he pushed to boundaries and so called standards to the traditional ways. Warhol’s first major display of pushing the boundaries was in 1948 at an art show given by the Pittsburgh Associated Artists his painting that he submitted was titled The Broad Gave Me My Face but I Can Pick My Own Nose, one judge thought it was excellent and another thought it was vulgar and coarse. It hung in the ‘reject’ section but drew a huge crowd of admiring students. From that he felt that he was ready to take on the art scene in New York. Warhol’s approach to the modern way of art was mass production of everyday items. He was very successful as a commercial artist but was not considered a ‘real’ artist. Andy wanted his art to look impersonal and mechanical. He discovered the use of silkscreen and how it produced slight mistakes and unevenness in his re...

Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth as Tragic Hero   Ã‚  Ã‚   Tragedy always involves human suffering, but not everyone who suffers is a Tragic Hero. Aristotle established the first criteria that must be met for a character to be considered a Tragic Hero. Although the definition of a tragic hero has evolved over the years, Macbeth was clearly a tragic hero. He had many noble qualities as well as several tragic flaws. Macbeth began as a courageous, brave and good nobleman who was gradually ruined by his own superstition, cowardice and blind ambition.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth was a courageous and strong nobleman. He and Banquo were leaders of King Duncan's army. His personal powers and strength as a general won him the battle as described by the captain (I,2, "But all's too weak:/ For brave Macbeth -- well he deserved that name -- / Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel,/ Which smoked with bloody execution,/ Like valor's minion carved out his passage/ Till he faced the slave;"). Macbeth was even undiscouraged when he was attacked by the King of Norway, "assisted by that most disloyal traitor, the thane of Cawdor." Lady Macbeth convinced her husband to murder Duncan by putting his manhood and courage at stake (I,7, "When you durst do it, then you were a man;/ And to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man"). As Macbeth started degrading he lost some bravery (IV, 1, "That I may tell pale-hearted fear it lies"). In his fight with Macduff, some of his old courage and strength returned.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth could be brave when it came to action but when he started thinking he would hesitate and would have to be urged into action by his wife or by the sense of security that he obtained from the prophecies of the supernatural. He changed his mind five times before murdering Duncan. The witches' prophecy that he would be king made him decide to leave it to "chance," but Duncan's announcement that Malcolm was to be his heir made Macbeth realize that he would have to take a course of action for the prophecies to come true. He changed his mind again before he reached home until his wife persuaded him that it could be done safely. Then he changed his mind again before finally being forced by Lady Macbeth to make up his mind to commit the murder. Shakespeare's Macbeth as Tragic Hero :: GCSE English Literature Coursework Macbeth as Tragic Hero   Ã‚  Ã‚   Tragedy always involves human suffering, but not everyone who suffers is a Tragic Hero. Aristotle established the first criteria that must be met for a character to be considered a Tragic Hero. Although the definition of a tragic hero has evolved over the years, Macbeth was clearly a tragic hero. He had many noble qualities as well as several tragic flaws. Macbeth began as a courageous, brave and good nobleman who was gradually ruined by his own superstition, cowardice and blind ambition.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth was a courageous and strong nobleman. He and Banquo were leaders of King Duncan's army. His personal powers and strength as a general won him the battle as described by the captain (I,2, "But all's too weak:/ For brave Macbeth -- well he deserved that name -- / Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel,/ Which smoked with bloody execution,/ Like valor's minion carved out his passage/ Till he faced the slave;"). Macbeth was even undiscouraged when he was attacked by the King of Norway, "assisted by that most disloyal traitor, the thane of Cawdor." Lady Macbeth convinced her husband to murder Duncan by putting his manhood and courage at stake (I,7, "When you durst do it, then you were a man;/ And to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man"). As Macbeth started degrading he lost some bravery (IV, 1, "That I may tell pale-hearted fear it lies"). In his fight with Macduff, some of his old courage and strength returned.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth could be brave when it came to action but when he started thinking he would hesitate and would have to be urged into action by his wife or by the sense of security that he obtained from the prophecies of the supernatural. He changed his mind five times before murdering Duncan. The witches' prophecy that he would be king made him decide to leave it to "chance," but Duncan's announcement that Malcolm was to be his heir made Macbeth realize that he would have to take a course of action for the prophecies to come true. He changed his mind again before he reached home until his wife persuaded him that it could be done safely. Then he changed his mind again before finally being forced by Lady Macbeth to make up his mind to commit the murder.